The biggest desert in the world has played a major role in hindering access to Africa’s interior for eons. During the early years civilizations were located along the coasts or near huge lakes or rivers.
Even today The Sahara continues to aggravate poverty southwards.
Look at all those nations along the Mediterranean coast, they are much ahead of sub Saharan counterparts, they were greatly influenced by the Greeks, Romans and Arabs while negroids were still living in jungles.
Do you know there were plans to terraform the sahara. There were plans to nuke the sahara about 100 years ago the same way elon suggested nuking mars poles, the Egyptian government refused!
And the congo forest has accelerated progress? Other races have prospered in deserts, in Icelands, on seas etc. If God gives you lemons, make lemonade, but unfortunately, bonobos have never understood that.
The Mali empire at its height was more advanced than medieval Europe.
It had advanced astrology, financial and social systems. It even had a library that was a valuable repository of learning and knowledge which was destroyed by the sadistic warlike Moors from North Africa.
The amount of gold that King Mansa Musa donated along the way during his pilgrimage to Mecca made the price of gold to nosedive in those areas for almost a century.
If Mali had been left uninterrupted, I believe it would have undergone an agrarian revolution followed by an industrial revolution ahead or at the same time as Europe.
Iyo ni example bana. There were plans to nuke the sahara by the empire of liberty aka us. Unajua kun dams/reservoirs ngapi usa? Unajua vile for example 7 folks reservoir zilikuwa zinaundwa?manze read your history